Mixing with mastering in mind

Mixing and mastering are two distinctly different disciplines. Even pro music creators and producers usually send their mixed tracks to a mastering engineer for the final touch of wizardry to prepare the music properly for mass production and distribution. In short, mastering is an important step to prepare your mix for the desired medium. You can have different mastering for vinyl, CD, DVD, radio, TV, or streaming while preserving the original sound.

In this article, we’ll go through what is mixing and the essential steps for mixing with mastering in mind in your digital audio workstation (DAW) to ensure it’s in good shape for the final cut. Do it right and you’ll avoid costly mastering mistakes.

Organize your mix & master bus

Organization is key. When you’re in that creative zone and working on the fly, you can quickly create a haphazard mess and get lost in a labyrinth of tracks and channels going through a plethora of effects plugins, particularly when mixing while recording. Do everything systematically by labeling the tracks and grouping them in sections such as drums, guitar, bass, keys, and vocals. Then you can easily identify and edit individual instruments as well as any effects plugins they are going through.

Each of the tracks or instrument channels in your mix has to go through a mix bus and then a master bus in your DAW. You can feed as many channels as you like through a single bus to combine them into one output signal.

A good practice when mixing with mastering in mind is to feed instruments such as drums, guitars, bass, keys, and vocal channels through designated buses. Those buses (5 in this case) are your ‘mix bus’ or ‘sub-mix buses’. Having grouped similar sounding instruments, you can then easily adjust their levels on the designated buses to improve the overall sound of your mix.

Ultimately, all of those signals in the mix bus feed into a 2-track ‘master bus’, which is the combined signal you hear through your headphones or speakers.

Gain stage your tracks

Gain staging is setting the volume levels of individual tracks so they are low enough to prevent clipping or distortion when summed together in the mix bus or master bus.

Keeping the overall decibel levels of the mix well under 0dB gives the mastering engineer headroom to play with and avoids clipping or distortion. To achieve this, set the decibel level range for individual tracks much lower, somewhere between -10dB and -18dB. Ultimately you want to aim for decibel levels in the master track to be -3dB or lower.

The more tracks and plugins you have in your mix, the more likely you’ll get distortion. Gain stage each track and plugin as you add them, because identifying troublesome tracks, later on, can be challenging.

If your mix becomes too quiet to hear, don’t use the master fader in your DAW to turn up the volume. Use the knob on your speakers, headphones, or audio interface instead.

Add silence

Leave silence at the beginning and end of the mix. Start your mix on bar 2 or 3 so that the first bar or two is completely silent. Do the same at the end of the mix. This gives you room to play with if you have to fix anything in the mix. You also leave room for the mastering engineer to fade tracks in and out.

Fix clicks and pops

Listen to the entire mix on a good quality sound system to hear and fix recordings with clicks and pops. These sounds mostly occur on vocal tracks. If your mix bus is well organized, you can easily identify suspect tracks by isolating them in solo mode.

Check EQ and compressors

Using your digital mixer check any compressor and EQ plugins that you have used on tracks or on your stereo bus. A common audio mixing myth is to always EQ before compression, but it’s best to deactivate compressors on the master bus to give the mastering engineer more headroom for maneuvering. With EQ plugins, assess whether you should keep them on or turn them off. For instance, when mixing vocals to an instrumental track you don’t want to adjust the instrumental’s EQ profile too much, you might instead want to use a transient designer plugin. This is a personal choice as you may want to preserve a specific sound that you’ve created with your EQ settings and if they don’t significantly impact the dB levels of the overall mix, you can leave them on.

Turn off limiters

Audio limiters are one of the main tools used in the mastering process. Music creators often use limiter plugins when mixing with mastering in mind so they can hear how the song will sound after mastering. All good but just make sure you turn off any limiters before you finalize your mix for mastering. Otherwise, your song could be put out of whack when the mastering engineer adds more limiters and compression.

Give your mastering engineer a reference

Mastering can often create various outcomes depending on the mastering styles, so it is recommended to send an example of music that you like the sound of to your mastering engineer so they have a reference. It’s also worth creating two versions of your mix; one with and one without EQ, limiters, and compressors on your bus so the mastering engineer can hear the sound you want but also has a clean version to work with.

Don’t add dithering

Audio dithering adds noise to prevent quantization errors when audio files are processed to different playback formats. When mixing with mastering in mind, leave these technical details to the mastering engineer by turning off dithering.

Now bounce your mix for mastering

Now you are ready for the final step: preparing your mix to be exported to a single file for your mastering engineer. This is called ‘bouncing’ your mix.

Mastering engineers work with uncompressed audio files. The two most common uncompressed audio file types are Waveform Audio File Format (.wav) and Audio Interchange File Format (.aiff). Your DAW should give you these and other options. Avoid bouncing your mix in a ‘lossy’ format such as Mp3, which downgrades the quality of your mix before mastering.

Set the sample rate and bit depth

When you bounce your mix to .wav or .aiff, your DAW lets you select an audio sample rate and bit depth. The sample rate refers to the number of samples per second, which is measured in kHz. The most common sample rate options are 96kHz, 44.1kHz, and 48 kHz. The higher the sample rate, the higher the quality of the audio file, and the larger it will be.

Usually, the best is to bounce at the sample rate your project is in. Don’t increase it, otherwise, you could actually change the sound and compromise the quality of your exported file.

The most common bit depth resolutions are 16-bit (fixed), 24-bit (fixed), and 32-bit floating-point. Most mastering engineers work on files with a bit depth of 32-bit floating, in this case, it is always recommended to export at 32bit float even if your project is at a lesser bit depth.

And there you have it. I hope these guidelines help make mixing with mastering in mind a little clearer.